1
Q
_____ reflects a deterministic and pessimistic view of human nature that views current psychological problems as being due to unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose during childhood.
A
Freudian psychoanalysis
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2
Q
Freudian psychoanalysis assumes that unresolved conflicts cause ____ and are the result of the divergent demands of the three aspects of personality – the id, ego, and superego
A
anxiety
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3
Q
The ____ is present at birth, and its life (sexual) and death (aggression) instincts are the primary source of psychic energy. It operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual needs using unconscious irrational means.
A
id
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4
Q
The ____ develops at about six months of age and operates according to the reality principle. Although it also seeks to at least partially gratify the id’s instincts, it attempts to do so in realistic rational ways.
A
ego
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5
Q
The ____ is the last aspect of personality to develop. It represents the internalization of society’s values and standards and acts as the conscience. It attempts to permanently block (rather than gratify) the id’s instincts.
A
superego
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6
Q
Freud’s theory also proposes that, when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and superego using rational means, it resorts to one of its _____.
A
defense mechanisms
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7
Q
The defense mechanisms deny or distort reality and operate on an _____ level, and they include repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, and sublimation
A
unconscious
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8
Q
____ is the basis of all other defense mechanisms, is involuntary, and involves keeping undesirable thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness.
A
repression
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9
Q
_____ is an immature defense mechanism that involves refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality. Methods include ignoring, distorting, and rejecting reality.
A
Denial
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10
Q
_____ involves defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite
A
Reaction formation
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11
Q
_____ involves attributing an unacceptable impulse to another person
A
projection
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12
Q
_____ involves channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor.
A
sublimation
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13
Q
The occasional use of defense mechanisms is ____, but repeated reliance on them keeps a person from resolving the conflicts that are causing anxiety.
A
adaptive
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14
Q
The main goals of Freudian psychoanalysis are “to make the unconscious conscious and to strengthen the _____ so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings and irrational guilt”
A
ego
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15
Q
The primary technique of _____ is analysis of the client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference, and the process of analysis consists of four steps
A
psychoanalysis
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16
Q
(1) _____ involves helping clients recognize behaviors they’ve been unaware of and their possible cause.
A
Confrontation
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16
Q
(2) _____ brings the cause of behaviors into sharper focus by separating important details from extraneous material.
A
Clarification
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17
Q
(4) Repeated interpretation leads to ____ (the experience of repressed emotions) and insight into the connection between unconscious material and current behavior and then to working through, which is a gradual process during which the client accepts and integrates new insights into his/her life.
A
catharsis, working through
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17
Q
(3) _____ involves explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes.
A
Interpretation
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18
Q
____ believed that behavior is driven by both positive and negative forces, that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan, and that behavior is affected by the past and the future
A
Jung
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19
Q
Jung also divided the unconscious aspect of the psyche into the ____ and _____ unconscious
A
personal, collective
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20
Q
The _____ unconscious consists of a person’s own forgotten or repressed memories, while the _____ unconscious consists of memories that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next.
A
personal, collective
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20
Q
The collective unconscious contains _____, which are universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in similar ways in certain circ*mstances. They’re expressed in myths, symbols, and dreams and include the persona, shadow, hero, and anima and animus.
A
archetypes
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21
Q
Techniques used to achieve this goal include dream interpretation and the analysis of ____, which Jung viewed as being due to the projection of elements of the personal and collective unconscious.
A
transference
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21
Q
The primary goal of ______ is to bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate the process of individuation
A
analytical psychotherapy
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22
Q
occurs primarily during the second half of life and is “the process by which a person becomes a psychological ‘in-dividual,’ that is, a separate, indivisible unity or whole” (Jung, 1968)
A
individuation
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23
Q
Psychodynamic Psychotherapies: Included in this category are ______ and ______
A
Freudian psychoanalysis and Jung’s analytical psychology
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23
Q
____ therapies emphasize acceptance and growth and help clients become more fully-functioning and self-actualizing
A
humanistic
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24
Q
_____ and _____ therapies both focus on the here-and-now and adopt a phenomenological orientation, which means they prioritize a client’s subjective experience over objective reality
A
humanistic and existential
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24
Q
Which therapies reject the medical model and use of clinical labels and, consequently, concentrate on a client’s internal qualities and perspective rather than the client’s symptoms?
A
humanistic and existential
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25
Q
______ therapies emphasize freedom and responsibility and “help clients confront the anxieties that arise from the awareness of one’s existential condition … [and cultivate] authentic engagement with one’s world”
A
existential
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26
Q
Rogers’s ____ therapy is based on the assumption that all people have an innate drive toward self-actualization, which motivates them to achieve their full potential.
A
person/client-centered
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27
Q
According to Rogers, the drive toward self-actualization can be thwarted when a person experiences _____ between his/her self-concept and experience.
A
incongruence
28
Q
According to Rogers, people often react to incongruence defensively by distorting or denying their experiences which, in turn, leads to…
A
psychological maladjustment
29
Q
The primary goal of _____ therapy is to help the client become a “fully functioning person” who is not defensive, is open to new experiences, and is engaged in the process of self-actualization.
A
person-centered
30
Q
person-centered therapists provide clients with three facilitative (core) conditions…
A
empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence
31
Q
involves understanding the client’s perspective and communicating that understanding to the client (person-centered therapy)
A
empathy
32
Q
involves valuing and accepting the client as a person (person-centered therapy)
A
unconditional positive regard
33
Q
_____ (maladjustment) occurs when there’s a persistent _____ between the person and the environment that interferes with the person’s ability to fulfill needs (Gestalt therapy)
A
Neurosis, boundary disturbance
33
Q
involves being genuine, authentic, and hones (person-centered therapy)
A
congruence
34
Q
____ therapy is based on the assumptions that (a) people are motivated to maintain a state of homeostasis, which is repeatedly disrupted by unfulfilled physical and psychological needs, and (b) people seek to obtain something from the environment to satisfy their unfulfilled needs in order to restore homeostasis.
A
Gestalt
35
Q
occurs when people adopt the beliefs, standards, and values of others without evaluation or awareness (Gestalt boundary disturbance)
A
introjection
36
Q
occurs when people attribute undesirable aspects of themselves to other people. (Gestalt boundary disturbance)
A
projection
36
Q
occurs when people do to themselves what they’d like to do to others (Gestalt boundary disturbance)
A
Retroflection
36
Q
occurs when people avoid contact with the environment (Gestalt boundary disturbance)
A
deflection
37
Q
occurs when people blur the distinction between themselves and others (Gestalt boundary disturbance)
A
confluence
38
Q
Gestalt therapists consider gaining ____ of one’s current thoughts, feelings, and actions to be the curative factor in therapy.
A
awareness
39
Q
Strategies in Gestalt therapy used to increase awareness include _____ and the _____
A
dream work and the empty chair technique
40
Q
____ therapies were derived from existential philosophy and were developed by several psychiatrists and psychologists including Irvin Yalom, Rollo May, and Viktor Frankl.
A
Existential
40
Q
involves having the client role-play parts of his/her dream that represent disowned parts of the client’s personality
A
dream work
41
Q
requires the client to interact with opposing aspects of his/her personality (e.g., top dog and underdog) or to resolve “unfinished business” with a significant person in the client’s past or present.
A
empty-chair technique
42
Q
In contrast to _____ therapists, Gestalt therapists do not foster or interpret a client’s transference but, instead, help the client distinguish between his/her “transference fantasy” and reality.
A
psychodynamic
43
Q
In existential therapies, they distinguish between 2 types of anxiety. ____ anxiety is in proportion to an objective threat, does not involve repression, and can be used constructively to identify and confront the conditions that elicited it and motivate positive change.
A
Normal (existential)
44
Q
___ therapies emphasize personal responsibility and choice and are based on the assumption that “each person must ultimately define his/her personal existence”
A
Existential
45
Q
Existential therapists view psychological disturbances as the result of an inability to resolve conflicts that arise when facing four ultimate concerns of existence….
A
death, freedom, isolation, and meaningless
46
Q
proposes that people have five basic innate needs (love and belonging, power, fun, freedom, and survival) and that the ways a person chooses to fulfill his or her needs determine whether he/she has a success or failure identity (reality therapy)
A
choice theory
46
Q
In existential therapies, they distinguish between 2 types of anxiety. ____ anxiety is disproportionate to an objective threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential.
A
neurotic
47
Q
The primary goal of ____ therapy is “to help clients lead more authentic lives … by assisting them in taking charge of their life, helping them choose for themselves the values and purposes that will define and guide their existence, and supporting them in actions that express these values and purposes”
A
existential
47
Q
Existential therapists consider an authentic ____ to be the most important therapeutic tool but may use other techniques such as questioning, interpretation, and reframing
A
therapist-client relationship
48
Q
Glasser’s (1965) ____ therapy is based on choice theory
A
reality
49
Q
When a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs responsibly (in positive, constructive ways that don’t infringe on the rights of others), the person has adopted a _____. (reality therapy)
A
success identity
50
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q
As described by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000), ____ psychology “is about valued subjective experiences: well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (in the past); hope and optimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in the present)”
A
positive
54
Q
____ is an important concept in positive psychology and refers to “a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience is so enjoyable that people will continue to do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it”
A
Flow
55
Q
People are most likely to experience flow when there is a ____, which occurs when people believe that they have the skills needed to meet an activity’s challenge and the challenge and skill level are both relatively high.
A
challenge-skill balance
56
Q
A distinctive characteristic of ____ is its emphasis on using the scientific method to evaluate its theories, concepts, and interventions.
A
positive psychology
57
Q
empirical research has linked positive emotions and optimism to increased longevity and positive psychology interventions to improved…
A
physical health
58
Q
Practitioners of personal construct therapy consider the therapist and client to be ____ who work together to help the client identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs.
A
partners
58
Q
According to Kelly, construing involves the use of ____ which are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., fair/unfair, friend/enemy, relevant/irrelevant) that arise from a person’s experiences and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level.
A
personal constructs
58
Q
Kelly’s (1963) ____ therapy focuses on how people construe (perceive, interpret, and anticipate) events. It proposes that there are alternative ways of doing so and that people can change the way they construe events to alleviate undesirable behaviors and outcomes.
A
personal construct
59
Q
As described by Carl Rogers, incongruence between self-concept and experience is caused by which of the following?
A. conditions of worth
B. a chronic boundary disturbance
C. “bad choices”
D. feelings of inferiority
A
A. conditions of worth
59
Q
Kelly developed _____ to help clients try out alternative personal constructs. It involves having the client role-play a fictional character that is described by the therapist and construes events in alternative ways.
A
fixed-role therapy
60
Q
Jung referred to the process of developing a unique and unified personality as:
A. differentiation.
B. self-actualization.
C. individuation.
D. introjection.
A
C. individuation.
61
Q
A practitioner of Freudian psychoanalysis is most likely to interpret the artistic endeavors of his client as a diversion of the client’s unacceptable aggressive urges and a manifestation of which of the following?
A. displacement
B. sublimation
C. projection
D. reaction formation
A
B. sublimation
61
Q
____ are one source of incongruence and occur, for example, when parents provide a child with love and acceptance only when the child behaves in certain ways.
A
Conditions of worth
61
Q
Practitioners of Glasser’s reality therapy view the primary motivator of behavior to be which of the following?
A. unconscious instinctual drives
B. basic needs
C. self-actualization
D. striving for superiority
A
B. basic needs
62
Q
A practitioner of positive psychology is most likely to say that which of the following is a primary antecedent of flow?
A. self-compassion
B. emotion regulation
C. congruence between self and ideal self
D. a balance between challenge and skill
A
D. a balance between challenge and skill
62
Q
For Gestalt therapists, __________ is a boundary disturbance that involves uncritically accepting the values, standards, and beliefs of other people.
A. projection
B. deflection
C. introjection
D. retroflection
A
C. introjection
